アルカディア翻訳会
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アルカディア翻訳会ja2008-10-29T22:37:53+09:0012252874732008年11月課題
https://w.atwiki.jp/arcadia_trans/pages/49.html
<div style="background:#ffffff;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;line-height:155%;" align="left"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">2008</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">年</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">11</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">月アルカディア課題 会場:大向区民会館 和室</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">2</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">号 </span></div>
<div style="background:#ffffff;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;line-height:155%;" align="left">
<p><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">①~⑤のできるところまで訳してください。</span></p>
<p> <span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">①『</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">Has the
so-called</span><a href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1533448,00.html"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#cc0000;line-height:155%;">Prosperity
gospel</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">turned its followers into
some of the most willing participants — and hence, victims — of the current
financial crisis? That's what a scholar of the fast-growing brand of
Pentecostal Christianity believes. While researching a book on black
televangelism, says Jonathan Walton, a religion professor at the University of
California at Riverside, he realized that Prosperity's central promise — that
God will "make a way" for poor people to enjoy the better things in life — had
developed an additional, dangerous expression during the subprime-lending boom.
Walton says that this encouraged congregants who got dicey mortgages to believe
"God caused the bank to ignore my credit score and blessed me with my first
house." The results, he says, "were disastrous, because they pretty much turned
parishioners into prey for greedy brokers."</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">』</span></a></p>
</div>
<div style="background:#ffffff;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;line-height:155%;" align="left"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">②『</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">Others think he may be
right. Says Anthea Butler, an expert in Pentecostalism at the University of
Rochester in New York: "The pastor's not gonna say, 'Go down to</span><a href="http://time-blog.com/curious_capitalist/2008/10/wellswachovia_thats_270_billio.html"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#cc0000;line-height:155%;">Wachovia</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">and
get a loan,' but I have heard, 'Even if you have a poor credit rating, God can
still bless you — if you put some faith out there [that is, make a big donation
to the church], you'll get that house or that car or that apartment.' " Adds J.
Lee Grady, editor of the magazine<em>Charisma:</em>"It definitely goes on, that
a preacher might say, 'If you give this offering, God will give you a house.'
And if they did get the house, people did think that it was an answer to
prayer, when in fact it was really bad banking policy." If so, the situation
offers a look at how a native-born faith built partially on American economic
optimism entered into a toxic symbiosis with a pathological
market.</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">』</span></a></div>
<div style="background:#ffffff;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;line-height:155%;" align="left"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">③『</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">Although a type of
Pentecostalism, Prosperity theology adds a distinctive layer of supernatural
positive thinking. Adherents will reap rewards if they prove their faith to God
by contributing heavily to their churches, remaining mentally and verbally
upbeat and concentrating on divine promises of worldly bounty supposedly strewn
throughout the Bible. Critics call it a thinly disguised pastor-enrichment
scam. Other experts, like Walton, note that for all its faults, the theology
can empower people who have been taught to see themselves as financially or
even culturally useless to feel they are "worthy of having more and doing more
and being more." In some cases the philosophy has matured with its
practitioners, encouraging good financial habits and
entrepreneurship.</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">』</span></div>
<div style="background:#ffffff;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;line-height:155%;" align="left"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">④『</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">But Walton suggests that a
decade's worth of ever easier credit acted like a drug in Prosperity's
bloodstream. "The economic boom '90s and financial overextensions of the new
millennium contributed to the success of the Prosperity message," he wrote
recently on his personal blog as well as on</span><a href="http://www.religiondispatches.org/"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#cc0000;line-height:155%;">the website Religion
Dispatches</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">. And not positively.
"Narratives of how 'God blessed me with my first house despite my credit' were
common. Sermons declaring 'It's your season to overflow' supplanted messages of
economic sobriety," and "little attention was paid to ... the dangers of using
one's home equity as an ATM to subsidize cars, clothes and
vacations."</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">』</span></a></div>
<div style="background:#ffffff;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;line-height:155%;" align="left"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">⑤『</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">With the bubble burst,
Walton and Butler assume that Prosperity congregants have taken a
disproportionate hit, and they are curious as to how their churches will
respond.</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">Butler</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">thinks some of the
flashier ministries will shrink along with their congregants' fortunes. Says
Walton: "You would think that the current economic conditions would undercut
their theology." But he predicts they will persevere, since God's earthly
largesse is just as attractive when one is behind the economic eight
ball.</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">』</span></div>
<div style="background:#ffffff;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;text-indent:10.6pt;line-height:155%;" align="left"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">A
recent publicly posted testimony by a congregant at the Brownsville Assembly of
God, near</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">Pensacola</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">,</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">Fla.</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">,
seems to confirm his intuition.</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">Brownsville</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">is
not even a classic Prosperity congregation — it relies more on the anointing of
its pastors than on Scriptural promises of God. But the believer's note to his
minister illustrates how magical thinking can prevail even after the mortgage
blade has dropped. "Last Sunday," it read, "You said if anyone needed a miracle
to come up. So I did. I was receiving foreclosure papers, so I asked you to
anoint a picture of my home and you did and your wife joined with you in prayer
as I cried. I went home feeling something good was going to happen. On Friday
the 5th of September I got a phone call from my mortgage company and they came
up with a new payment for the next 3 months of only $200. My mortgage is
usually $1,020. Praise God for his Mercy & Grace."</span></div>
<div style="background:#ffffff;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;line-height:155%;" align="left"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;line-height:155%;">And
pray that the credit market doesn't tighten any further.</span></div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;line-height:17pt;"> </div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;line-height:17pt;"> </div>
2008-10-29T22:37:53+09:001225287473メニュー
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#recent(2) 2008-10-29T22:36:00+09:0012252873602008年10月訳例
https://w.atwiki.jp/arcadia_trans/pages/48.html
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">
<p>アルカディア翻訳会2008年10月訳文 10月19日 </p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">『水 長寿の飲み物』</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">①</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">
・身体に潤いを保ちます。この暑い夏の日々に、いつも以上に水分を身体に補給する必要があります。脱水状態になると、通常の働きをするためには身体の水分が足らなくなります。軽い脱水状態でさえ、エネルギーを奪い、疲労感を与えます。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">
・体温の調整をします。トレーニング愛好家にとって、飲み水は心臓血管のストレスを和らげ、実行力を向上します。そして水分は体温を下げ、エクササイズの安全性と効果を高めます。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">②</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt 18pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span>・<span style="font:7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>
皮膚の健康を保ちます。水は潤いを与え、皮膚から老廃物を洗い出し、皮膚を健康的で生き生きとした状態に保ちます。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt 18pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span>・<span style="font:7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>
栄養の吸収を助けます。水は、必須栄養素、ミネラル、ビタミン、タンパク質、糖を消化するために輸送します。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt 18pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span>・<span style="font:7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>
ダイエットに役立ちます。水を飲む量が少ないと、水を蓄えるという症状をきたし、それが望まない余分な体重となるのです。もっと多くの水を飲むことにより、もはや水を蓄える必要がないことを身体に教えます。水は天然の食欲抑制剤でもあります。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">③</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt 18pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><span>・<span style="font:7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>
老廃物や毒素を洗い流します。水は、私たちが現代社会で毎日遭遇する化学物質や毒素―車の排気ガス、染めた衣類、ホルムアルデヒド漬けのカーペット―を身体から洗い流すのに役立ちます。それらの毒素を足し合わせると頭がくらくらしそうです! 身体が処理して除去するのは、身体に入る化学物質のこの大集団のうちの一部です。残りは、肝臓、肺、腎臓、脂肪細胞、小腸、血流、皮膚に残留します。身体を洗浄する体液が不足すると、身体に蓄積したこれらの毒素は、器官の働きを弱め、早期老化を引き起こし、慢性病の原因になります。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">④一日に少なくとも1.8
L(コップで約8杯)の水を飲むべきです。水を飲む良い習慣を身につけるために、600
cc容量の大きくて堅い魔法瓶を2個用意して水を満たしなさい。1個は仕事中に飲むために一日中持参し、他の一個は家で飲みなさい。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">
⑤そして最近のある研究によると、医薬が全国的に水道水から見つかっています。人々に飲まれた医薬は身体から排泄されて、下水処理場に流れます。そこでは排水から通常の汚染物質を除去しますが、薬剤は除去されないので、一部の薬剤が水道水にたどり着きます。長期にわたり連続して体内に取り込まれた薬剤や汚染物質が少量であっても、遺伝子変化を起こしたり、アレルギーを起こしたり、ガンの原因になったりもします。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">
⑥汚染物質を除去する多くのろ過方法の中で、活性炭を用いる方法が、揮発性有機化合物(VOC)などの危険化学物質を除去する最も利用可能な技術としてEPAに認められています。皆様に安全で健康に良い水を提供する最も便利で手ごろな方法は、家庭用の水ろ過システムを用いることです。私が推奨する高性能ろ過システムについてお知りたい方は、<u>ここ</u>をクリックください。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">
⑦水道水が危険だという噂が広まるにつれ、ボトル入りの水がすさまじい人気を得ている。しかし、ボトル入りの水は、蒸留、逆浸透、脱イオン、ろ過等により簡単に処理しただけの水であることが判っています。だから、ボトル入りの水は、水道水よりも安全でしょうか。検査により、一部のボトル入りの水は、地表や地下の水よりも多くの塩素化合物を含んでいることが判りました。そして家庭の水道水に見出される殺菌剤、除草剤、医薬が、恐ろしい頻度でボトル入りの水に見つかります。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">
⑧この問題に関する天然資源防衛委員会の報告書では、「ボトル入りの水が水道水よりも必ずしも安全であるという保障はない」と結論付けています。プラスチック容器がポリ塩化ビフェニル(PCB)を含んでいて、それが水に溶け出すということもあります。貯蔵用にプラスチックボトルを用いないようにしなさい。代わりにガラス容器に貯めて、持ち運びする水には再使用可能な魔法瓶を準備しなさい。</div>
2008-10-29T22:35:23+09:001225287323トップページ
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アルカディア翻訳会のホームページ
**最新ニュース
9月の例会は21日(日)に行われました。
課題とまとめ、訳例をアップしました。
10月の課題と訳例をアップしました。
11月の例会は以下の予定です。
日時:11月21日(日)14:00-17:00
会場:大向区民会館 和室2号
課題はタイム誌の記事の抜粋です。サブプライムローン問題の裏にはキリスト教の楽観主義的教義の影響があったのではという内容です
**初めての方へ
アルカディア翻訳会は、第一線で活躍中の翻訳家(文芸、産業)から翻訳家を目指して勉強中の人までの老若男女が集まったサークルです。
もう少し詳しく!⇒[[アルカディア翻訳会とは]]?
現在はYahooグループを利用して活動しています。
グループのページにもおいでください。
&html(<center><a href="http://groups.yahoo.co.jp/group/arcadia-trans/join"><img src="http://img.yahoo.co.jp/i/jp/egroups/joinnow.gif" border=0><br>arcadia-transグループに参加する</a></center>) 2008-10-29T22:33:05+09:0012252871852008年8月訳例
https://w.atwiki.jp/arcadia_trans/pages/47.html
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">マケイン対オバマ。部隊急増についての見解、どちらが正しいか </div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">
①米軍部は、水曜日のバグダッド攻撃はゼロだったと述べた。一年前は一日平均43件の攻撃があったという。米国大統領選挙に向けて、この結果について激しい論争があったのもつい最近のことだった。共和党候補でイラク戦争支持者のジョン・マケインは、この結果はジョージ・W・ブッシュ大統領の兵力増強策によってもたらされたと見る。民主党候補でイラク戦争反対の立場を取るバラク・オバマは、そうは見ない。いずれが正しいか?</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">
マケインに有利な点はあるが、オバマが重要問題を提起しているだけにその答えは両者の中間点にある。軍事力が問題解決の最大要因であると考えるなら、テロ攻撃の減少を兵力増強の結果と見ることができるし、おそらく大筋でそう言えるだろう。だが政治的模索と世論を掴むことが最上策と考える向きなら、流血を減らしたのも他の要因だと確実に指摘できるはずだ。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">
②事実経過はどちらかといえば単純だ。2007年1月10日、ブッシュ大統領は軍隊の増強を命じ、従来から使われている「増派」という用語ではなく、それを「急増」と呼んだ。2万8千を超える兵力の追加を提案した中心人物、デイビッド・ペトラウス大将は2月10日指揮を執った。五個師団全ての急増部隊が、それぞれの部隊に配属されるのに6月15日まで掛かった。2月から6月の間急増部隊は、スンニ派とシーア派の宗教対立による武力抗争抑制の要となる近隣前哨部隊の多くを固めていき、いまや定着させている。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">
③6月15日から始まった急増部隊の90日計画は、米国部隊がイラク民兵とアル・カイダによって混乱に陥った、あるいは支配された地域を奪回するという状況により効力を生じた。軍部のグラフに基づいたテロ攻撃の発生率は、2007年にイラク全土で一週間に最大1千5百回以上もあった無政府状態から一変して減少に転じた。部隊の増派は重要だった、イラク情勢の転換を図った新たな戦術と結びついたとき、おそらくテロ攻撃が減少に転じる鍵となった、という点でマケインは正しい。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">アルカデイア8月ネット課題 </div>
2008-09-29T23:47:48+09:0012226996682008年10月課題
https://w.atwiki.jp/arcadia_trans/pages/46.html
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:7.5pt 0mm auto;"><strong><font size="6"><span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">アルカディア翻訳会2008年10月課題 </span></font></strong></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:7.5pt 0mm auto;"><strong><font size="6"><span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">日時:2008年10月19日(日)14:00~17:00</span></font></strong></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:7.5pt 0mm auto;"><strong><font size="6"><span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">会場:渋谷区立大向区民会館 会議室2号</span></font></strong></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:7.5pt 0mm auto;"><strong><font size="6"><span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">出典:</span><span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:10pt;"><a href="http://health.yahoo.com/experts/drmao/15595/water-the-drink-for-long-life/"><strong><font color="#04A101">http://health.yahoo.com/experts/drmao/15595/water-the-drink-for-long-life/</font></strong></a></span></font></strong></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:7.5pt 0mm auto;"><strong><font size="6"><span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">飲み水の重要性を見直したいと思います。課題は①~⑧の』まで。</span></font></strong></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:7.5pt 0mm auto;"><strong><font size="6"> </font></strong></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:7.5pt 0mm auto;"><strong><font size="6"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">Water: The Drink for Long
Life</span></font></strong></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:7.5pt 0mm auto;"><strong><font size="6"><cite><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">Posted
Thu,</span></cite> <cite><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">Aug 21,
2008</span></cite><cite><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">,</span></cite> <cite><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">6:22 pm
PDT</span></cite></font></strong></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:7.5pt 0mm auto;"><strong><font size="6"> </font></strong></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 18.75pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">Water is vital for good health and a <a href="http://health.yahoo.com/longevity/"><font color="#04A101">long
life</font></a>. Although you can live for days without food, your survival
depends on drinking water. Each and every cell needs water to perform its
essential functions. Read on to learn how water factors into your health and
longevity plans.<br /><br /><strong>Benefits of a good "drinking habit"</strong></span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 18.75pt;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">①</span></strong></div>
<ul type="disc"><li style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;color:#333333;"><span style="font-size:11pt;">Stay hydrated. On these hot summer days, your body needs to
replenish itself with water more than ever. When you become dehydrated, you
don't have enough water in your body to carry out normal functions. Even mild
dehydration can drain your energy and give you a feeling of
fatigue.</span></li>
<li style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;color:#333333;"><span style="font-size:11pt;">Regulate body temperature. For work-out fans, drinking water
reduces cardiovascular stress and improves performance. And water reduces body
temperature, making the exercise process safer and more effective.</span>
<span style="font-size:11pt;">』</span></li>
</ul><div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt 18pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">②</span></div>
<ul type="disc"><li style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;color:#333333;"><span style="font-size:11pt;">Skin health. Water hydrates and irrigates impurities from the
skin, keeping it healthy and glowing.</span></li>
<li style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;color:#333333;"><span style="font-size:11pt;">Nutrient absorption. Water transports essential nutrients,
minerals, vitamins, proteins and sugars for assimilation.</span></li>
<li style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;color:#333333;"><span style="font-size:11pt;">Aids in weight loss. If you haven't been drinking enough
water, your body has developed a pattern of storing water-which equals extra
unwanted pounds. Drink more water to teach your body that it no longer needs to
store water. Water is also a natural appetite suppressant.</span> <span style="font-size:11pt;">』</span></li>
</ul><div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt 18pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">③</span></div>
<ul type="disc"><li style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;color:#333333;"><span style="font-size:11pt;">Flushes wastes and toxins. Water helps us flush our system of
the chemicals and toxins that we encounter every day in our modern world: car
exhaust, dyed clothing, synthetic, formaldehyde-packed carpets - when you add
up the toxins, it becomes dizzying! Your body will process and eliminate some
of these hordes of chemicals that enter it. The rest are stored in the liver,
lungs, kidneys, fat cells, intestines, blood stream, and skin. Without enough
fluids to flush out your system, these accumulated toxins in your body will
slow down your organ function, causing premature aging and resulting in chronic
illness.</span> <span style="font-size:11pt;">』</span></li>
</ul><div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">④</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">You should be drinking at least 60 ounces of
water - about 8 glasses - a day.<br />
To develop a good water-drinking habit, get two large, rigid thermos bottles
with a 20-ounce capacity and fill them with water. Take one along with you
during the day to drink at work, and drink the other one at home.</span>
<span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">』</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;"><br /><br /><strong>Water: You Are What You Drink</strong><br />
Everything that goes down the drain from our lawns, our agricultural fields, or
anywhere else in our environment inevitably ends up in our drinking water. The
president of the Environmental Working Group, Ken Cook, states that
"approximately 45 million Americans in thousands of communities drink water
that is polluted with fecal matter, parasites, disease-causing microbes, and
pesticides at levels that violate Safe Drinking Water Act standards."<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">⑤</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">And a recent report showed that
pharmaceutical drugs are showing up in tap water across the nation. People
taking pharmaceutical drugs pass them through their bodies and into the sewage
plants, which remove the usual pollutants - but not drug chemicals from waster
water, and some ends up in your drinking water. Even a small amount of drug
chemicals and pollutants taken in by your body continuously over a long period
of time can trigger genetic changes, cause allergies, or even lead to
cancer.</span> <span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">』</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">⑥</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">Of the many filtration processes that remove
contaminants, the kinds that use activated charcoal is recognized by the EPA as
the best available technology for filtering out volatile organic compound
(VOCs) and other dangerous chemicals. The most convenient and affordable way to
have safe, healthy water for you and your family is to use an in-home water
filtration system. To learn about a high-performance filtration system that I
recommend, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.aquasana.com/?discountcode=3822"><font color="#04A101">click
here</font></a>.</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">』</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">Health in a
Bottle?</span></strong><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">⑦</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">Bottled water has gained tremendous
popularity, as word about the hazards of tap water is getting out. However,
many bottled waters were found to be simply processed water using distillation,
reverse osmosis, de-ionization or filtration. So, is bottled water safer than
tap water? Tests have discovered that some bottled waters contained more
chlorine by-products than surface and ground waters. And the pesticides,
herbicides, and pharmaceuticals that are found in household tap water are
appearing in bottled water with alarming frequency.</span> <span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">』</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">⑧</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">The Natural Resources Defense Council report
on the subject concluded that, "there is no assurance that bottled water is any
safer than tap water." Throw into that mix that plastic containers contain
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which leach into your water. Skip the plastic
bottles for storing. Instead store in glass bottles, and for water-on-the-go,
get a reusable thermos.</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;">』</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#333333;"><br /><br />
I hope you will take these tips and keep yourself well watered. I invite you to
visit often and share your own personal health and longevity tips with me.<br /><br />
-Dr. Mao</span></div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
2008-09-29T16:20:39+09:0012226728392008年9月訳例・まとめ
https://w.atwiki.jp/arcadia_trans/pages/45.html
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">アルカディア翻訳会(2008年9月) </div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">
① 十九分あれば、前庭の芝生を刈れるし、髪を染めることも、ホッケーの試合を三分の一観ることもできる。十九分あれば、スコーンを焼けるし、歯医者で歯を一本詰めてもらえる。五人家族の洗濯物もたためる。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">
十九分は、テネシー・タイタンズのプレイオフのチケットが売り切れるまでの時間。コマーシャルを除いたコメディードラマの長さ。バーモント州の州境からニューハンプシャー州のスターリングの町まで車で行ける時間だ。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">
十九分あれば、ピザを注文して届けてもらえる。子どもにお話をひとつ読み聞かせられるし、オイル交換もできる。一キロ半歩ける。服のすそも縫える。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">
十九分間で、地球を止めたり、地球から飛び降りたりできる。十九分間で、復讐を果たすことができる。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">
② いつものように、アレックス・コルミエは時間に遅れていた。スターリングの自宅からニューハンプシャー州グラフトン郡の上級裁判所まで、車で三十二分かかる。それもオーフォードを猛スピードで走り抜けなければならない。彼女はハイヒールと週末家に持ち帰ったファイルを抱え、ストッキングをはいた足で階段を駆け下りた。ふさふさした赤茶色の髪を丸めて首の付け根にピンで留め、家を出る前になるべき姿に変身した。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">
③ アレックスが上級裁判所の裁判官になってから三十四日がたっていた。この五年間、地方裁判所の裁判官として気概を示してきたので、今回の職はこれまでよりは楽そうだった。だが、四十歳の彼女はまだ、州の裁判官の中で一番の若手だ。公正な裁判官として確たる地位を築くために、まだまだ奮闘しなければならない。法廷では国選弁護人としての経歴が先行していたし、検察官からは被告側につくにちがいないと思われている。数年前に裁判官の職に志願したとき、この法制度の下にある人は有罪と証明されるまで確実に無罪であるようにしたいと心から願っていた。裁判官としての自分に「疑わしきは罰せず」の原則が適用されないことなど、想像だにしていなかった。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">
④ 入れたてのコーヒーの香りに誘われて、アレックスはキッチンに入った。娘のジョシーがキッチンテーブルについて、湯気の立つマグカップの上にかがみこみ、夢中で教科書を読んでいた。見るからに疲れ切っている。青い目は充血し、栗色の髪はくしゃくしゃのポニーテール。「徹夜なんかしてないって言って」アレックスは言った。ジョシーはちらりとも目を上げずに、「徹夜なんかしてないわ」と鸚鵡返しに言った。アレックスは自分でカップにコーヒーを注ぐと、娘の向かい側の椅子にそっと腰を下ろした。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> 「本当に?」</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">
「ママがそう言えって言ったんでしょ」ジョシーが言った。「本当のことを言えとは言わなかった」</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> アレックスは顔をしかめた。「コーヒーはよくないわ」</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> 「じゃあ、ママもタバコを吸うのはよくない」</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> アレックスは顔が熱くなるのを感じた。「吸ってなんか・・・」</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">
「ママ」ジョシーがため息混じりに言った。「バスルームの窓を開けたって、タオルに匂いがついてるのよ」 ちらりと見上げた目つきは、ママはほかにも悪いことをしているんじゃないのと言うように挑戦的だ。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">
⑤ アレックス自身はタバコ以外に悪いことはしていなかった。悪いことをする“時間”がなかった。ジョシーも悪いことは何もしていないとわかっていると断言したかったが、彼女について世間の人たちと同じように推測することしかできなかった。かわいくて人気があって、成績はオールA、まっとうな道を踏み外したらどんな結果になるか、十分わきまえている生徒。立派な行いをするよう運命づけられた女の子。こんなふうに育ってほしいとアレックスが願っていたとおりの少女。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">⑥</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">
以前、ジョシーは裁判官の母親をとても自慢にしていた。銀行の窓口係や食料品店のレジ係、機内のフライトアテンダントにまで母親の職業を言いふらしていた。彼女の裁判や判決について聞きたがった。三年前、ジョシーが高校に入学するとそれが一変し、ふたりの間のコミュニケーションのトンネルは少しずつふさがれていった。アレックスは必ずしも、ジョシーはほかのティーンエージャーより隠し事が多いとは思っていなかったが、それは別問題だった。普通の親は子どもの友達を隠喩を使って批評するだろうが、アレックスは法律に照らして批評した。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
<div><span>①</span></div>
<div><span>・In nineteen minutes, you can stop the world, or you can just jump
off it.</span></div>
<div><span>jump off の意味が問題になりました。奥村さんから"Stop the World- I Want to Get
Off"というミュージカルのタイトルをもじったのではないかとご指摘がありました。これは「地球を止めてくれ! 降りたいんだ!」などと訳されています。そうかもしれませんね。「飛び降りる」とそのまま訳せばいいかなと思います。</span></div>
<div><span> </span></div>
<div><span>③</span></div>
<div><span>・her history as a public defender preceded her into her
courtroom.</span></div>
<div><span>precede
・・・into という使い方について、奥村さんが見つけてくださった例文とコメントです。私もそう思います。</span></div>
<div><span> </span></div>
<div><span>Angela let Jillson precede her into the office. She'd never been in
here before, and she glanced around avidly.</span></div>
<div><span>She gestures for me to precede her into the room, where there is a
comfortable sitting area.<br />
課題では主語が history だからひねった言い方になるわけですね。<br />
裁判官という前に弁護士という先入観があったということでしょう。</span></div>
<div><span> </span></div>
<div><span>・Alex had submitted her name years ago for the bench・・・</span></div>
<div><span>三者三様の訳になりました。submit one's name
に「名乗り出る」の意味があります。以下のような例文を見つけました。「裁判官を志願する」という意味ではないかと思います。</span></div>
<div><span> </span></div>
<div><span><span id="ctl00_ContentPlaceHolder1_DataList2_ctl02_Label2" style="font-weight:normal;">Branden Ore will return for his senior at Virginia Tech.
Ore had submitted his name for the 2008 NFL draft but withdrew his name
yesterday.</span> <br />
Once the position opened up, he submitted his name for nomination and was
elected shortly after by his national teammates.</span></div>
<div> </div>
<div>・She just never anticipated that, as a judge, she might not be given the
same benefit of the doubt.</div>
<div>give the benefit of the doubt は「疑わしきは罰せずとする」「好意的に解釈する」という意味です。be
givenと受身になっていたのを私は見逃してしまいました。「判事として、疑わしきは罰せずという原則が自分には適用されないなんて予想だにしたことはなかった」(奥村さん)が正解ですね。</div>
<div> </div>
<div>④</div>
<div>・Tell me you haven't been up all night.</div>
<div>普通なら「徹夜なんかしてないでしょうね」と訳すところですが、あとの娘のセリフに "You asked me to tell you
something"とあります。「ママが徹夜してないって言えっていったからそう言ったんでしょ」という感じですね。それに合わせるために、「徹夜なんかしてないって言って」のように訳したほうがつながるのでよいと思います。</div>
<div> </div>
<div>・dareing Alex to challenge her other vices.</div>
<div>
challenge「・・・の事実を問題にする」の意味にとり、「お母さんは他にもいけない点があるんだからねとでも言いたげに、挑むように眼を上げた」(金田さん)が正解だと思います。</div>
<div> </div>
<div>⑤</div>
<div>・"She would have liked to say・・・but she
would・・・" 仮定法過去の形なのを見落としました。「娘が悪いことをしていないとわかってるのか?ともし聞かれたとしたら」という仮定が言外に隠れているのでしょうか。</div>
<div> </div>
<div>⑥</div>
<div>・a normal parent might ・・・</div>
<div>最後の一文ですが、意味がよくわかりませんでした。</div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
2008-09-29T16:16:33+09:0012226725932008年9月課題
https://w.atwiki.jp/arcadia_trans/pages/44.html
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;">
<p><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">アルカディア翻訳会 </span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">2008</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">年</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">9</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">月課題<strong> </strong> </span></p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">日時 : </span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">9</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">月</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">21</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">日(日) 14:00-17:00</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">場所 : 渋谷区立大向区民会館 和室</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">1</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">号</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">課題部分の①から⑥をできる範囲で訳してください。</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Nineteen-Minutes/Jodi-Picoult/e/9780743496735/?itm=3#EXC</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><strong> </strong></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><strong> </strong></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">Nineteen Minutes</span></strong> <span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">by Jodi Picoult</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">March 6, 2007</span></strong></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">①</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">In nineteen minutes, you can mow the front
lawn, color your hair, watch a third of a hockey game. In nineteen minutes, you
can bake scones or get a tooth filled by a dentist; you can fold laundry for a
family of five.</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">Nineteen minutes is how long it took the
Tennessee Titans to sell out of tickets to the play-offs. It's the length of a
sitcom, minus the commercials. It's the driving distance from the</span>
<span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">Vermont</span> <span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">border to the town of</span> <span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">Sterling</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">,</span> <span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">New Hampshire</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">.</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">In nineteen minutes, you can order a pizza and
get it delivered. You can read a story to a child or have your oil changed. You
can walk a mile. You can sew a hem.</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">In nineteen minutes, you can stop the world, or
you can just jump off it.</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">In nineteen minutes, you can get
revenge.</span> <span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">』</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">②</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">As usual, Alex Cormier was running late. It
took thirty-two minutes to drive from her house in</span> <span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">Sterling</span> <span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">to the superior court in</span> <span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">Grafton County</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">,</span> <span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">New Hampshire</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">, and that was only if she speeded through
Orford. She hurried downstairs in her stockings, carrying her heels and the
files she'd brought home with her over the weekend. She twisted her thick
copper hair into a knot and anchored it at the base of her neck with bobby
pins, transforming herself into the person she needed to be before she left her
house.</span> <span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">』</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">③</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">Alex had been a superior court judge now for
thirty-four days. She'd believed that, having proved her mettle as a district
court judge for the past five years, this time around the appointment might be
easier. But at forty, she was still the youngest judge in the state. She still
had to fight to establish herself as a fair justice -- her history as a public
defender preceded her into her courtroom, and prosecutors</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">assumed she'd side with the defense. When Alex
had submitted her name years ago for the bench, it had been with the sincere
desire to make sure people in this legal system were innocent until proven
guilty. She just never anticipated that, as a judge, she might not be given the
same benefit of the doubt.</span> <span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">』</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">④</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">The smell of freshly brewed coffee drew Alex
into the kitchen. Her daughter was hunched over a steaming mug at the kitchen
table, poring over a textbook. Josie looked exhausted -- her blue eyes were
bloodshot; her chestnut hair was a knotty ponytail. "Tell me you haven't been
up all night," Alex said.</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">Josie didn't even glance up. "I haven't been up
all night," she parroted.</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">Alex poured herself a cup of coffee and slid
into the chair across from her. "Honestly?"</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">"You asked me to tell you something," Josie
said. "You didn't ask for the truth."</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">Alex frowned. "You shouldn't be drinking
coffee."</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">"And you shouldn't be smoking
cigarettes."</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">Alex felt her face heat up. "I don't --
"</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">"Mom," Josie sighed, "even when you open up the
bathroom windows, I can still smell it on the towels." She glanced up, daring
Alex to challenge her other vices.</span> <span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">』</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">⑤</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">Alex herself didn't have any other vices. She
didn't have <em>time</em> for any vices. She would have liked to say that she
knew with authority that Josie didn't have any vices, either, but she would
only be making the same inference the rest of the world did when they met
Josie: a pretty, popular, straight-A student who knew better than most the
consequences of falling off the straight-and-narrow. A girl who was destined
for great things. A young woman who was exactly what Alex had hoped her
daughter would grow to become.</span> <span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">』</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">⑥</span><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">Josie had once been so proud to have a mother
as a judge. Alex could remember Josie broadcasting her career to the tellers at
the bank, the baggers in the grocery store, the flight attendants on planes.
She'd ask Alex about her cases and her decisions. That had all changed three
years ago, when Josie entered high school, and the tunnel of communication
between them slowly bricked shut. Alex didn't necessarily think that Josie was
hiding anything more than any other teenager, but it was different: a normal
parent might metaphorically judge her child's friends, whereas Alex could do it
legally.</span> <span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">』ここまで</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">"What's on the docket today?" Alex
said.</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">"Unit test. What about you?"</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">"Arraignments," Alex replied. She squinted
across the table, trying to read Josie's textbook upside down.
"Chemistry?"</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">"Catalysts." Josie rubbed her temples.
"Substances that speed up a reaction, but stay unchanged by it. Like if you've
got carbon monoxide gas and hydrogen gas and you toss in zinc and chromium
oxide, and...what's the matter?"</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">"Just having a little flashback of why I got a
C in Orgo. Have you had breakfast?"</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">"Coffee," Josie said.</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">"Coffee doesn't count."</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">"It does when <em>you're</em> in a rush," Josie
pointed out.</span></div>
<div style="background:#FFFFFF;margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:#000000;">Alex weighed the costs of being even five
minutes later, or getting another black mark against her in the cosmic
good-parenting tally. <em>Shouldn't a seventeen-year-old be able to take care
of herself in the morning?</em> Alex started pulling items out of the
refrigerator: eggs, milk, bacon. "I once presided over an involuntary emergency
admission at the state mental hospital for a woman who thought she was Emeril.
Her husband had her committed when she put a pound of bacon in the blender and
chased him around the kitchen with a knife, yelling Bam!"</span></div>
2008-09-29T16:13:56+09:0012226724362008年8月まとめ
https://w.atwiki.jp/arcadia_trans/pages/43.html
<div><font face="MS UI Gothic" size="2">①では、The answer is somewhere in
betweenm, with an edge to McCain but with Obama raising important
points.</font></div>
<div><font face="MS UI Gothic" size="2">のところが分かりにくかったと思います。このwith
がどういう用法なのか今一つはっきりしませんでした。私は付帯状況を表す用法かと思いましたが自信はありません。また an edge
の意味ですが、奥村さんは「切れ味鋭く」私が「有利な点がある」としましたが、これもよく分かりません。</font></div>
<div><font face="MS UI Gothic" size="2">②では、all the five additional
troops,ですが、奥村さんが「5つの急増旅団」私が「五個師団」としましたが、これもよくわかりません。</font></div>
<div><font face="MS UI Gothic"><font size="2">③では、a 90-day surge plan kicked in
with U.S. troops....</font></font></div>
<div><font face="MS UI Gothic"><font size="2"><font size="+0">のところkicked in
は「効力を生じる」だと思いましたが、いかがでしょうか。</font></font></font></div>
2008-08-17T14:41:15+09:0012189516752008年8月課題
https://w.atwiki.jp/arcadia_trans/pages/42.html
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;" align="left"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Full Post</span></div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;" align="left"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Posted Thursday, July 24, 2008 5:21 PM</span></div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;" align="left"><strong><span style="font-size:12pt;">McCain vs. Obama: Who’s Right on the
Surge?</span></strong></div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;" align="left"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Larry Kaplow</span></div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;" align="left"><span style="font-size:12pt;">①The U.S. military says there were zero attacks in</span>
<span style="font-size:12pt;">Baghdad</span> <span style="font-size:12pt;">on
Wednesday. A year ago, there were an average of 43 a day. The question of how
this happened has led to the latest tussle in</span> <span style="font-size:12pt;">America</span><span style="font-size:12pt;">'s race for the
White House. Republican candidate and Iraq War supporter John McCain attributes
the improvement to George W. Bush’s troop surge. Democratic candidate and war
opponent Barack Obama disagrees. Who’s right? The answer is somewhere in
between, with an edge to McCain but with Obama raising important points. If you
think military force solves problems best, then you can attribute the success
to the troop increase and, probably, it largely is. But if you tend to think
politics and winning hearts and minds works best, you can point credibly to
other factors that also reduced the bloodshed.</span><span style="font-size:12pt;">」</span></div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;" align="left"><span style="font-size:12pt;">②The timeline is rather simple. On Jan. 10, 2007, President
Bush ordered the troop increase, calling it the "surge" rather than by the more
traditional term, "reinforcements." Gen. David Petraeus, the main proponent of
the more than 28,000 additional troops, took command on Feb. 10. It then took
until June 15 for all the five surge brigades to position themselves. Between
February and June, the troops were amassing and already establishing many of
the neighborhood combat outposts that were key in reducing the sectarian
violence between Sunnis and Shiites.」</span></div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;" align="left"><span style="font-size:12pt;">③Starting June 15, a 90-day surge plan kicked in with U.S.
troops retaking areas that had fallen to chaos or control by militias and Al
Qaeda. Violence rates, based on military graphics, dropped steeply from an
anarchic peak of more than 1,500 attacks Iraq-wide per week in June 2007.
McCain is right that the troop increase was important, perhaps the key when
combined with their new tactics, in turning the country
around.』ここまで</span></div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;" align="left"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Advertisement</span></div>
<p style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;" align="left"><span style="font-size:12pt;"></span></p>
<div> </div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;" align="left"><span style="font-size:12pt;">But
Obama is correct that other things were happening at the same time--and even
before. There was a swing in attitudes among Iraqis against the violent
overreaching by Al Qaeda and, on the other side, Shiite death squads claiming
to fight for anti-American cleric Moqtada al-Sadr.</span></div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;" align="left"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Sunni tribes in the Anbar province, many of which had been
fighting against</span> <span style="font-size:12pt;">U.S.</span> <span style="font-size:12pt;">forces, basically decided they hated Al Qaeda and its
sadistic fanaticism more than they despised the American occupation. That
happened in mid and late 2006.</span></div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;" align="left"><span style="font-size:12pt;">In
January of this year General Petraeus told NEWSWEEK about the genesis of the
Sunni sea change, encapsulated in the story of Anbar's Sheik Abdul Sattar Abu
Risha:</span></div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;" align="left"><span style="font-size:12pt;">"Before I came back [to Iraq in February 2007] he had already
gone to the brigade commander there, Col. Sean MacFarland ... and asked him if
it would be OK to point his weapons at Al Qaeda instead of MacFarland's
soldiers. And MacFarland, being no fool, said that would be OK and then parked
two tanks outside his house. But it took them months to build some forces, to
just get going ... March was when we started clearing Ramadi and we had it
cleared by about mid-April and it was just a city in varying degrees of
ruins."</span></div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;" align="left"><span style="font-size:12pt;">This week, McCain took his argument one step too far when he
noted that the surge began the tribal turn. He said: "Because of the surge, we
were able to go out and protect that sheik and others. And it began the Anbar
awakening." He also said he meant "surge" in a broad sense, more than just
troop increases but also a new American approach to counterinsurgency. But
there was never a public debate about helping Sunni tribes kill Al Qaeda. The
controversy around the surge was all about the troop increase, which came after
the Anbar revolution had started.</span></div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;" align="left"><span style="font-size:12pt;">McCain is right that the surge did make more forces available
to help the tribal fighters and "protect" the sheiks. But they had already
turned. Alas, Abu Risha was killed by a car bomb in September. The movement
lives on because the Anbar masses still want it to.</span></div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;" align="left"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Another major turning point was Aug. 29, 2007, when Sadr
imposed a ceasefire on his Mahdi Army (JAM) militias. This was during the
height of the surge operations, many targeting Sadr's fighters, but appeared to
also be influenced heavily by an ugly street battle during a religious
pilgrimage between Sadrists forces and other Shiites. JAM was blamed, and
Sadr's image was sullied among fellow Shiites.</span></div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;" align="left"><span style="font-size:12pt;">And</span> <span style="font-size:12pt;">U.S.</span>
<span style="font-size:12pt;">troops also employed canny manipulation and
cajoling in street-level contacts with Sadrist leaders, encouraging and
threatening them into setting aside violence. Petraeus might say this couldn't
have happened without the extra soldiers on the ground, but we don't know for
sure. (Petraeus deserves credit for allowing his commanders the leeway to
engage the enemy with their mobile phones as much as their rifles.) Along those
lines, there were other important doctrinal changes Petraeus brought with him.
He made security for Iraqis the No. 1 priority, saying that it would ultimately
also make</span> <span style="font-size:12pt;">U.S.</span> <span style="font-size:12pt;">troops safer--something long overdue. Soldiers came out from
the city-size fortresses and lived in Iraqi streets.</span></div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;" align="left"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Obama has said his early-2007 plan for a careful troop
pullout could have also calmed</span> <span style="font-size:12pt;">Iraq</span><span style="font-size:12pt;">. Most Iraqis would
have said that a</span> <span style="font-size:12pt;">U.S.</span> <span style="font-size:12pt;">withdrawal then would have continued</span> <span style="font-size:12pt;">Iraq</span><span style="font-size:12pt;">'s horrible downward
spiral. Probably. But the promise of a withdrawal might have won over some
Iraqis. Combined with active diplomacy, it might have convinced neighboring
countries that don't want a black hole next door to stop fanning the flames. It
seems less than likely, but, as Obama says, it wasn't tried, still hasn't been
tried and can't be ruled out. He also says the surge took resources and
attention from more pressing battlefields in</span> <span style="font-size:12pt;">Afghanistan</span><span style="font-size:12pt;">.</span></div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;" align="left"><span style="font-size:12pt;">The
troop increase was crucial in calming the country, but the tribal war against
Al Qaeda and Sadr's--albeit wobbly--ceasefire were important, too. Many Iraqis,
by the way, would say they deserve credit for lowering the violence by standing
up against the gunmen and cooperating with American and Iraqi forces. All true
to different degrees, depending on how much you believe in force or people
power.</span></div>
<div style="margin:0mm 0mm 0pt;"> </div>
2008-08-17T14:39:16+09:001218951556